ABSTRACT
The European Union (EU) has deployed military operations in Macedonia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Somalia and Mali. The EU's military endeavours are particularly important to this enquiry, as they indicate a significant change in the cohort of Member States' foreign policy towards, within and beyond the Union, which until the turn of the millennium had been considered by its Member States, amongst others, a predominantly 'civilian power'. The significance of such policy change and action merits a chapter that delves deeper into Member State foreign policy specifically related to EU military operations. The chapter categorizes this as a Mode II change of foreign policy (inter)action, where intra-EU cooperation exists but remains inter-governmental in its dominant mode. Member States have had contradictory motivations rather than contradictory policy and actions, which have gone in the same overall direction now allowing for EU military deployment – albeit with different degrees of support and participation from various Member States.
