ABSTRACT
The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity marked an important change in the global landscape of biodiversity politics and governance. The status of biological and genetic resources has changed from invaluable natural heritage of mankind to valuable resources that can be owned under national sovereignty or global intellectual property regimes. Throughout the history of global biodiversity governance, management policies and practices have followed three major paradigms: protected-area management; community-based resource management; and market-based conservation. Protected area management emphasizes the key role of states in managing biodiversity under their jurisdiction. This chapter uses the environmental governance framework to examine "hybrid" forms of market-oriented biodiversity governance practice through which the interplay of state, market and community actors determines governance outcomes. The Tree Bank proposed that the government should redirect part of its reforestation budget to pay farmers for planting specific tree species on their land.
