ABSTRACT
Human beings tend to justify the systems people live in, and to accept views that are normative in their surroundings or sanctioned by authorities. They also often underestimate risks because of an optimistic bias that serves them well in times of peace but can prevent them from acting upon early signs and stages of violence. Human beings are social animals. Descriptive norms are very powerful. Even when there are injunctive norms such as "thou shall not kill" based on moral codes that are included in all religions, what others around people do often has a greater impact on their attitudes and behaviors. Normative climates in society that enable dehumanization, delegitimization, and scapegoating of certain groups are early warning signs that need to be acted upon for the prevention of genocide and crimes against humanity. Knowledge about ongoing human rights abuses and violence is crucial for motivating bystanders to intervene and help those who are being targeted as well.
