ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the techniques of modern cartography, but one need to think of maps as cultural artefacts that can be understood in one of two ways. It presents a visual representation of spatial relationships, giving us locations and directions of features that people can use to analyze or predict the world around us. The chapter also presents, maps can be understood as portraying mythical' worlds that are subject to the ideas and beliefs of their makers. The Coffin Texts are often said to represent a democratization' of the Pyramid Texts following the breakdown of a central royal control during the First Intermediate Period. The Book of the Two Ways has been described as the first Egyptian cosmography. Many late Middle Kingdom tombs along the Nile Valley contain examples of ivory wands'. In his study of a Middle Kingdom coffin from Aswan, Willems has analysed the decoration of the coffin and its religious and ritual significance.
