ABSTRACT
American anthropology developed as a discipline with only occasional and informal attention paid to what we now recognize as questions of research ethics. With revelations in 1964 and 1965 that anthropologists and other social scientists were being recruited to join Project Camelot, a Pentagon program developing counterinsurgency and insurgency strategies for the stabilization or destabilization of foreign governments, many AAA members reacted with focused concerns. The 1971 Principles of Professional Responsibility (PPR) opened by situating anthropologists' loyalties not with sponsors, but with research participants, clarifying that in matters of "research, anthropologists' paramount responsibility is to those they study". During the late 1970s and early 1980s, as more anthropologists found employment in applied settings outside of universities, increasing numbers of anthropologists were uncomfortable with the PPR's restrictions on such activities as writing "secret" reports, or even the code's prime directive that anthropologists' interests align with peoples studied.
