ABSTRACT
Research methods have been evolving throughout the history of discovery and have been increasingly codified with the rise of the sciences. As these have been extended from studies of the natural world to the realms of social and cultural phenomena, methods have necessarily complexified. Quantitative studies have been complimented by qualitative approaches, including narrative analysis which has been especially germane to clinical and analytic studies. As the large, proto-theoretical conceptions of traditional Jungian psychology are critically examined and refined, a richer, more nuanced view of the psyche is emerging. Complexity studies are bringing about a paradigm shift from reductive toward holistic understandings of the world. Both viewpoints have contributions to make, but by including and embracing complexity challenged to revision many aspects of lives. Thus in cross-cultural studies the value of bidirectionality of influence is increasingly revealed, altering the learning environment and the interactive field between peoples from different groups.
