ABSTRACT
Ministry of Education and Science website,5 the Bologna process stresses competen-
cies and skills as well as knowledge, with a view to increasing employment opportu-
nities within the European Union and converting European higher education into a
magnet for students and professors from other parts of the world, for which it is
necessary to switch from acquiring existing knowledge to learning how to manage
the constant flux of information with which we now live. This is particularly true
when it comes to legal education; beyond competencies and skills, which require
their own share of teaching time, the superimposition of legal orders provides a
growing number of rules with different binding forces and a complicated classification
within the Kelsenian pyramid, rendering the rote-learning method, which has domi-
nated for so long in Spanish law faculties, useless (among many others, Mullerat,
2002, pp. 283-306; Silver, 2009, pp. 2-15; Smits, 2011, pp. 44-48; Toharia,
2002, pp. 118-120).
