ABSTRACT
This chapter defines action research (with several contrasting definitions) and sets out its key features, principles and types, including participatory action research and critical action research, linking it to critical theory, empowerment and reflective practice. It indicates ways of designing, planning, conducting and reporting action research, and offers examples of staged approaches to action research, with particular coverage given to an eight-stage approach. The chapter draws attention to the importance of ongoing evaluation and reflexivity, awareness of possible biases, a range of ethical issues and how to address challenges in making collaborative action research effective. It provides advice on practical and theoretical matters in action research. Finally, it raises the question of whether, in its thrust towards integrating action and research, action research is an optimistic way of ensuring that research impacts on practice for improvement, or whether it is a recessive hybrid.
