ABSTRACT
Two decades ago, musings on deterioration of service by the Nigerian state railway led Albert O. Hirschman to formulate a theory of "responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states." He postulated two types of responses to such problems: "exit" to a better alternative, or "voice," defined as "any attempt at all to change, rather than to escape from, an objectionable state of affairs" (Hirschman, 1970, p. 30).
