ABSTRACT
Innovations concern equipment, technology, the products manufactured, organizational structure, norms and tasks. A splendid reason for formulating a social demand for them is new forms of organization of labor that will make for high productivity, as well as a high level of solidarity among the workers. Workers of an enterprise themselves, that is, the direct users, or the management of an enterprise, or higher-level organizations, may be the initiators. Another ineffective situation is when a ministry, or a main administration, requires an enterprise to adopt, say, machinery with programmed control, but the enterprise is inclined to work in the old way, and shows no special desire for reorganization. One of the key trends in the development of modern management is the creation of special rational systems and programs: administrative regulations, grid charts, formal structures and mathematical models.
