ABSTRACT
The great historian Dr. Arnold Joseph Toynbee described human history with the law of challenge and response in his masterpiece, A Study of History. He highlighted the notion that humanity’s response to change has been the driving force for the advancement of civilization and history in human society. The law of challenge and response has been constant throughout world history, which shows that individuals and organizations that were satisfied with the existing ways and did not respond adequately to new changes had to hand over their places to those that accommodated new innovations quickly. We are now standing at a turning point in our society, moving toward the intellectualization of individuals, the digitization of society, and the globalization of nations. In particular, new revolutions brought about by the convergence innovation of information and communication technology present new challenges to every individual, enterprise, and nation (Bradley, Madnick, and Kim, 2015).
