ABSTRACT
Organization theorists, using essentially this list of characteristics but stressing different items in it, have produced a vast body of literature on the nature of organizations. This literature can be viewed as a long lanyard plaited of two yarns, each with its own threads. Each of those threads of theory has contributed something of lasting value to our understanding of organizations and their administration, but, as we shall see, each thread is tattered and torn in its own unique way. The first yarn is the dosed model of organizations, which goes by many names. Bureaucratic, hierarchical, formal, rational, and mechanistic are some of them. The earliest school of the closed model is that of bureaucratic theory, or the study of the impersonal organization, and the execution, and enforcement of legal rules in organizations. Six conditions of employee engagement are the factors most clearly associated with organizational productivity.
