ABSTRACT
This chapter presents the multiple group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) with a multidimensional scaling technique, which is a less demanding and more parsimonious nonmetric alternative. The most common means of establishing such measurement equivalence is through the use of a MGCFA, which tests the homogeneity of correlation matrices across samples. The dispositional resistance to change construct has been recently validated with samples from several countries, using MGCFA. Like in all multidimensional scaling techniques, smallest space analysis (SSA) items are mapped onto a geometric space, whereby the distance between item representations on this space represents the conceptual similarity between items. MGCFA and SSA thus offer complementary approaches to establishing and validating the structure of a construct across samples. Results from the certain analyses serve to validate one another and together provide strong support for the Resistance to Change scale's structure across cultural contexts.
