ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses such incumbents that map out new systems and suggests that, through them both being to hand and also in combination with other new or incumbent elements, such technologies can cross systems and help to realise new systems. The innovations that standards are set by occur not in a controlled, careful manner but often through tinkering and experimentation, which can play a major role in system development. The changing material cultures of objects such as wallets, keys, and shoes are due to their resilience and independence across many different systems. Material and technological networks are likely to be connected to systems of mobility, creating network paradoxes of global connections and local disconnection. Small technologies empowered with digital connectivity present further complications to big systems. There are stringent international regulations on in-cabin use of what are termed portable electrical devices (PEDs).
