ABSTRACT

In this chapter, the authors argue that in order to capture the full breadth of such system-wide effects the measures and impacts have to be assessed at multiple scales. They differ between representation of different scales in separated models, multi-scale models with punctual interactions and dynamic cross-scale models. Multi-scale modelling can support decision-making at all levels to identify local targets that are in line with global sustainable development. As such a multi-scale approach allows for consistent description of the problem statement and solutions at different system levels. In biomedicine, multi-scale modelling is already used and quite advanced in comparison to other fields. Multi-scale modelling can be applied at multiple scales following statistical aggregation schemes for water runoff estimations, in contrast to stream networks that are represented as hierarchical networks of channels at fine scales. A prominent example of multi-scale model approach that addresses the water–energy nexus is the assessment of thermal power plants' efficiency in relation to changing climate conditions.