ABSTRACT
Interest for the application of haptic interfaces (or haptic displays) for vehicles is increasing. These interfaces use an operator’s sense of feeling or touch to display information about the environment or about the device that is being operated. Nissan Motor Company, Ltd., for example, markets a haptic gas pedal that can provide force feedback to the driver about obstacles or vehicles detected in front of one’s car (Mulder, Abbink, Van Paassen, & Mulder, 2011). In aviation, research has been performed on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tele-operation and in-aircraft haptic feedback (De Stigter, Mulder, & Van Paassen, 2007; Lam, Mulder, Van Paassen, Mulder, & Van der Helm, 2009; Goodrich, Schutte, & Williams, 2011). When the forces created by the haptic display can influence the input to the controlled system, a shared control situation is created. Both the human operator and the system’s automation, through the haptic interface, exert an influence on the control input.
