ABSTRACT
The fact that external factors play a substantial role in regime transition has only recently received recognition in the scholarly literature. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the literature on regime transition began to devote more attention to external dynamics, with the argument that transition should be analysed as the interaction between internal (domestic) and external (international) factors (Pridham et al. 1994; Wedel 1998; Whitehead 2001; Risse 2009; Zielonka and Pravda 2001; Carothers 2004). Disentangling this internal–external nexus is a challenging task that has been addressed in a number of studies (Kopstein and Reilly 2000; Henderson 2002; Kubicek 2003; Simmons et al. 2006; Levitsky and Way 2005; Börzel and Risse 2012a, 2012b; Schmitter 2009; Obydenkova 2010, 2012b; Kelley 2012). Several papers and books (e.g., Levitsky and Way 2010; Jacoby 2006; Obydenkova and Libman 2014c; Magen and Morlino 2009; Morlino and Sadurski 2010) presented various typologies of external factors and studied their role in regime transition.
