ABSTRACT
This chapter provides case studies from the three cities lying along the inclusive/bureaucratic continuum: Pittsburgh, Ottawa and Vancouver. The case studies, through discussions with local officials and interests as well as analyses of media and city documents, show a general language of performance, rebirth, economic progress, and social quality. Ottawa also has the largest population of the three inclusive/bureaucratic cities, followed by Vancouver and Pittsburgh. Across the three cities, professional bureaucrats within city agencies and administrations have strong influence. This is a trait common among inclusive cities that also have active policy agendas. The nature of electoral competition in the three cities varies depending on where the community lies on the inclusive continuum. The inclusive/bureaucratic cities evidence positive intergovernmental ties, although they vary in their nature and in the level of intergovernmental interaction. Specifically, citizen input is higher than in prototypical bureaucratic cities and business power somewhat lower.
