ABSTRACT
This chapter argues that the implications of the complexity frame of reference for planning has to be the stipulation that planning in general is a process that is concerned with shaping the future trajectories of complex systems. Complex adaptive systems are considered to be open and constantly exchanging energy with other systems and with such systems, the constituent variables do not define its borders. So dealing with open complex systems is dealing with systems which in general cannot be represented by models derived from rules in something like game theory. Capitalism is a complex system subject to sudden radical transformations from which it emerges recast but stronger or even collapses and is transformed into something else for Marx socialism or barbarism. However, as Marx and Schumpeter always reminded us, capitalism is a crisis prone system. Everything is nested and global finance and local socio-eco-spatial systems have a high degree of intersection.
