ABSTRACT
Green criminological discourse identifies the importance of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to achieving effective environmental protection via law enforcement (Nurse, 2013b, 2015; White, 2012). Environmental enforcement often falls outside the remit of mainstream policing policy and practice. Instead, it is often the responsibility of state environmental departments and specialist environmental regulators rather than mainstream policing agencies (Situ and Emmons, 2000; Stallworthy, 2008). This reflects an ideological and policy view of mainstream crime control as being primarily about addressing interpersonal violence, street crimes and property crimes as the dominant societal threats (Lea and Young, 1993). Accordingly, environmental harm and its associated criminality is arguably the subject of a less stringent enforcement and policy regime that sees environmental wrongdoing as an environmental protection and sustainable use problem rather than as a criminal justice one (Heyes, 2000; Nurse, 2012b, 2015; Ruhl, 1997).
