ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the generation of the appropriate human-robot ratio for sociotechnical systems where a robot is being used for a novel task. The real goal is the human-robot ratio that maximizes both the safety of team, bystanders, and robots as well as logistical efficiency. The chapter presents a new technique for projecting the safe human-robot ratio: viewpoint-oriented CWA. Viewpoint CWA is an extension of cognitive work analysis (CWA); it concentrates on the perceptual foci of the team members as the key affordance in determining which roles can be safely merged or made autonomous. The technique is illustrated by a review of actual human-robot teaming for urban search and rescue, a remote presence application similar to military operations in urban terrains (MOUT), where tactical users are projecting themselves into the environment via the robot. One aspect of insuring the highest level of safety in unmanned systems is establishing the correct human-ratio for a particular system and application.
