ABSTRACT
There exist a tremendous variety of methods for consulting with the public before making administrative or legislative decisions, but there have been fewer experiments that grant lay citizens a means of influencing policy or the policymaking process, let alone establishing policy or making legal judgments directly. The preceding chapters in this book have presented cases of European Union (EU) efforts to link, or at least juxtapose, public deliberation with formal policymaking bodies. This set of cases looks at only some of the vast array of deliberative designs appearing across Europe, which has surpassed the creative efforts of the United States, Canada, Australia, Brazil, and other deliberative innovators. Though limited in number, the cases presented herein, however, constitute a useful cross-section of current efforts to promote deliberation in Europe.
