ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the laws from all of these areas, in order to illustrate the type of sanctions available against persons engaged in Islamophobic activities online. If the behaviour concerned does not fall within the strict boundaries of the religious hatred offence, but if behaviour is persistent and is considered to be harassment. Originally intended for an age before the Internet, this Act has, since the amendment, therefore also incorporated online activity, and as with other areas, with broad and neutral language which allows it to cover activities carried out online, including social media. The criminal law is heavily involved, with laws concerning religious hatred and harassment, as well as specific offences regarding online communications. Where such activities take place in the online environment, then additional considerations regarding international law and choice of law are also relevant if the parties involved engage in activities across international borders.
