ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the post 9/11 legislative and policy changes pertaining to non-citizens in Australia, Canada, and the United States. America attacked Afghanistan after it refused to turn over Osama Bin Laden, the Al Qaeda leader that organized the September 11 attacks. In response to the 9/11 attacks, the United States improved security at its borders to guard against future terrorist acts. The Patriot Act increased the grounds for denying entry to non-citizens. Canada supported the American operation against Al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan, and committed troops to the campaign. The Canadian government engaged in only a single limited operation abroad, and therefore apprehended few foreign fighters. Canada tightened security and upgraded the infrastructure and technology used at the border. Similar to Canada and the United States, however, Australia passed an anti-terrorism statute in response to the 9/11 attacks. The Howard government responded aggressively to the Tampa and 9/11 incidents and sought to reassure the Australian public.
