Introduction

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book is a thematic collection of essays that explore a particular kind of architectural modernism(s) the architecture of underprivileged classes which developed along-side modern architecture from the later part of the nineteenth century. It explores the relationships between economics, art, architecture, the historical avant-garde and the contemporary urban experiences. The book shows examples of the creative genius of the underprivileged classes to cope with modern and contemporary living experiences starting in the city and in rural areas. Ebenezer Howard's proposal for the Garden Cities of To-Morrow, and the 1928 agenda of the International Congress for Modern Architecture (CIAM) focused on providing adequate housing to all people while making cities and settlements liveable. The book includes a succinct presentation of the relationships between the Modern Movement, the historical avant-garde, and the architectural productions of the underprivileged classes.