ABSTRACT
This chapter provides the required comprehensive treatment to give recommendations as to the evolution of EU shipping. It consecutively deals with macro, meso, market, and micro issues, and furthermore also analyzes the impact of side constraints, namely the technological, environmental, and labour playing field, and the established maritime agreements. The chapter also deals with three issues which are considered side conditions for the way international shipping can develop: technological, environmental, and labour developments and regulation. They constrain the shipping playing field and come out of the survey and literature analysis as the key extra-sectoral drivers and challenges of shipping, influencing Europe's competitiveness as a shipping and port-of-call centre. The chapter presents the results of a scenario approach, whereby conventional, sustainable, or fragmented growth takes place, and the outcome for the EU shipping industry is checked, as well as the potential policy options for the EU.
