ABSTRACT
Moreover, all the papers underline that cluster evolution not only depends on internal
dynamics. Instead, external relations are an integral part of cluster dynamics. Trippl
et al. (2015) describe the multi-scalarity of relations and institutions, from local to
global scales, as an important research issue in the future. In Livi and Jeannerat (2015)
it is the global firm that provides regional firms with capital. In Gancarczyk (2015)
global firms’ outsourcing strategies result in a stronger hierarchy of clusters. In Sinozic
and To¨dtling (2015), local firms use the local environment to exploit opportunities and
technologies available outside the cluster. In Martin and Coenen (2015), institutional
change on the national level provides the framework under which the biogas cluster
could emerge. Also Berg (2015) describes how the emergence of the Seoul film and TV
cluster started as a reaction towards the change of regulations at the national level.
