ABSTRACT
The modern world-system “developed” global crises based on principles and practices that supported European expansion over the Americas and creation of industrial capitalism. These crises include devolution of the environment, competitive states during hegemonic decline, decreasing lands for resource extraction, increasing inequality locally and globally, and lessening involvement of community. The same crises are products of 500 years of concentrated destruction of existing indigenous societies with healthy social systems. I review historical processes, identify existing indigenous peoples’ movements, and proffer alternative “developments” with indigenous social-systems models that do not threaten states but allow local, community-based, and sustainable societies to flourish within existing global orders. I analyze indigenous peoples’ movements in Central and South America, South Asia, the Pacific region, North America, Africa, and Australia.
