ABSTRACT
In the early twenty-first century, jazz is consecrated as legitimate culture and authentic highbrow art while heavy metal remains disparaged as disreputable lowbrow entertainment. However, jazz was once understood to be illegitimate culture (e.g., New York Times 1935b), associated with disreputable musicians (e.g., New York Times 1935c), rioting (e.g., New York Times 1955), and delinquent behavior (e.g., New York Times 1935a). This is comparable to how heavy metal is still popularly received. Heavy metal is understood to be illegitimate culture (e.g., Riding 1985) that has associations with violence (e.g., Berlinkski 2005, Rockwell 1975), “death and madness” (Strauss 1995b), satanism (e.g., Palmer 1980c, Pareles 1985d), and misogynist gender values (e.g., Soyka 1985).
