ABSTRACT
Punk rock traditionally embraces a do-it-yourself ethic, an antiauthoritative attitude, and a disengagement from mainstream society and embracing of a marginalized identity (Davies 2005, Moore 2007, Traber 2001). Punk rock followers often elicit shock from others via their style and attitude, and their music often incorporates provocative discourses (e.g., death, violence, sex; Lang 1985). As a direct negation of the hippie movement of the 1960s and 1970s and the stadium rock movement of the 1970s, punk rock blurred the boundaries between performer and audience but also existed as a subculture that challenged norms and society openly, loudly, and sometimes violently (Davies 2005, McNeil and McCain 1997).
