ABSTRACT
Participation as civic innovation is defined in terms of scattered individuals—motivated by civic virtue, desiring public action to seek a commonweal goal (a good), and lacking established political institutions to do so—creating some new means of participation. Such civic innovation is commonly found in environmental politics because scattered citizens sometimes suffer environmental degradation jointly, but established political institutions do not exist or are inactive. Many such scattered citizens may not actually experience the particular environmental degradation but regard the situation as unjust and desire to join with others in public action to rectify it.
