ABSTRACT
Post-normal science (PNS) was developed almost 30 years ago to address practical problems in which facts are uncertain, values in dispute, stakes high and decisions urgent. It challenged traditional assumptions about scientific knowledge when employed in the policy process.The four conditions are complemented by a diagram with two axes (Uncertainties and Stakes), and three zones (Applied Science, Professional Consultancy, and PNS). PNS has become a source of inspiration and understanding to a growing community of policymakers, scholars and activists.
