ABSTRACT
The ecosystem concept has its roots in biology. Collins English Dictionary defines an ecosystem as “a system involving the interactions between a community of living organisms in a particular area and its nonliving environment.” In business and innovation literature, the ecosystem concept is used both as a metaphor (e.g. Russell et al. 2011; Russell et al. 2015; Hwang and Horowitt 2012) and as a business strategy artifact (Moore 1993), as well as to refer to system-level analysis (cf. Pentland 2015).
