ABSTRACT
This chapter addresses the evolving paths of advanced manufacturing industries in strong regions that are passing through a turbulent phase characterised not only by significant uncertainties but also by meaningful opportunities and great challenges. The manufacturing sector has one of the highest multiplier effects on the economy, as it is a major driver of knowledge building and job creation. In the UK’s case, it is widely accepted that manufacturing could serve as a rebalancing force that could help the region move from an over-reliance upon consumerism and the financial sector towards more sustainable production activities. The future of manufacturing will be very different from its history, and it is probably best captured by the label 'Industry 4.0', which refers to the fourth technological, industrial and societal revolution, which is slowly but steadily spreading across the globe. In the German case, Industry 4.0 is an all-encompassing strategy that goes far beyond a pure smart specialisation strategy.
