ABSTRACT
Manizales, Colombia, because of its location and the way that it developed and expanded over the years on challengingly steep terrain, faces permanent disaster risk, which will only be exacerbated in the context of projected climate change. At the same time, responses to the challenges it has faced and continues to face have made Manizales a national and international point of reference in terms of its environmental policy and integrated risk management. The city is widely recognized for its longstanding urban environmental policy (Biomanizales) and local environmental action plan (Bioplan), and it has been integrating environmental planning with disaster risk reduction and urban development planning for over 20 years (Velásquez 1998; Velásquez Barrero 2005, 2010, 2011; Hardoy and Velásquez Barrero 2014; Marulanda 2000).
