ABSTRACT
With the relatively recent emergence of feminist criminology, scholars have documented extensive gender bias within the fields of criminology and criminal justice (Cain, 1989; Campbell, 1981; Daly and Chesney-Lind, 1988; Gelsthorpe and Morris, 1990; Leonard, 1982; Smart, 1976, 1977). Recently, feminist scholars have expanded our work to include critiques of our own universalizing tendencies and have recognized the need to examine gender within the contexts of race, class, sexuality and age (Daly, 1991; Joe and Chesney-Lind, forthcoming; Klein, 1991; Rice, 1990). The goals of this body of literature are to build theoretical frameworks which recognize the intersecting nature of these phenomena in the experiences and treatment of females involved in crime and the justice system, in order to more successfully enhance change.
