ABSTRACT
Cyber warfare refers to the application of information technologies to meet the political and military aims of nation states and other actors in the international system. It is an area that continues to grow in both breadth and depth with the widespread continuing adoption of information and computing technologies. Cyber attack may include such actions as the theft of data, disruption of systems, and manipulation of information resources. Such attacks, from the disruption of power systems to the theft of critical documents or email, are increasingly employed by participants in the international system. Attribution of malicious activity remains difficult, making defense from cyber attack a daunting prospect.
