ABSTRACT
When readers examines the work of computational ontologies below, they shall see how they have radicalized this approach, using formal methods as implemented in computers as a principal method of ontology development. With the work of Quine, there arose in this connection a new conception of the proper method of philosophical ontology, according to which the ontologist's task is to establish what kinds of entities scientists are committed to in their theorizing. As McCarthy expressed it in 1980, citing Quine in his use of ontology, builders of logic-based intelligent systems must first list everything that exists, building an ontology of our world. One result of Gruber's work was that it became common in computer circles to conceive of ontology as meaning just conceptual model. As they engage with the world from day to day we use information systems, databases, specialized languages and scientific instruments.
