ABSTRACT
Using data from the European Social Survey (2002 to 2012) and the European Values Study (2008) a multilevel analysis was performed in order to evaluate the impact of the economic crisis and of individual and cultural values on realistic and symbolic threat perceptions associated with immigrants. Results show that: (1) threat is a phenomenon mainly predicted by individual variables; (2) human values (universalism and conservation) are the best individual predictors; (3) the economic crisis, expressed by the national unemployment rate, has a positive impact on economic threat but not on cultural threat; (4) there is an important two-level interaction between human values and cultural values (materialism/post-materialism).
