ABSTRACT
At present, MARPOL Annex VI is the only international convention that addresses air emissions from ocean-going vessels. However, MARPOL Annex VI is not tight enough to
Maritime Policy & Management, 2013 Vol. 40, No. 5, 451-466, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2013.797118
WINAI HOMSOMBAT†, TSZ LEUNG YIP‡*, HANGJUN YANG§
and XIAOWEN FU‡
†Graduate School of Management and Innovation, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-uthid Road, Bangmod, Thungkru, Bangk k 10140, Thailand ‡Depa tment of Logistics and Maritime Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung H m, Kowloo , Hong Kong §School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China
1. Introductio The grow h of international trade and global economy has led to strong demands for the maritime transp rt services. Meanwhile, the d velopment of maritime s rvices fruitfully brings about economic benefits and social w ll-being to local industries and residents. However, port a tivities also generate negative environmental impacts on the port catc - ment areas, which impose additional costs associated with pollutio emission up n the local ommunity. Ships often burn oil, which i the least refined of the petroleum roducts. The burning process of bunker oil in ships pro uces significant amounts of particulate matte (PM), itrogen oxides (NOx), unburn d hydrocarbons (HC), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2), as shown in Table 1. Gradually, ships are being regarded as k y pollutio sources in por s.
