ABSTRACT
Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) focus on producers and consumers and can be analyzed by using input-output tables, but GHG emissions from international shipping and aviation are generally estimated by using fuel consumption and fuel-based emission factors. This chapter analyzes the structure of GHG emissions from international shipping caused by final product demands from China, Japan, and Korea in terms of distance travelled, and relationship between producers and consumers. The need to transport intermediate goods internationally arises from the fragmentation of production; CO2 is emitted as a by-product of this process according to the amount of goods, the port distance, and the emission factor. Crude petroleum and natural gas are produced in Indonesia and exported to other East Asian countries, including China, as raw materials. Total CO2 emissions from international shipping that arise from China's final demand are 4.48 mt CO2. To identify individual countries responsible for these emissions it is necessary to estimate the direct and indirect emissions from shipping.
