ABSTRACT
This chapter explains paradiplomacy which work through various types of mechanism. There was a time when it was possible to distinguish clearly between domestic and external policy, the latter being to do with peace and war and the high politics of international relations. So, in federal and devolved states, large slices of domestic policy could be transferred to the lower level, but foreign affairs were kept for the centre. It is this principle that underlies the Scotland Act of 1998, in which foreign relations are one area clearly reserved to Westminster and Whitehall. Walter Scott was the inventor not just of a vision of Scotland but of literary romanticism across Europe, although his work is now recognized as a sophisticated effort to deal with modernity and the union without giving up on the idea of Scotland. The Scottish Parliament has also played a role in global citizenship, including an initiative to aid the development of parliamentarism in western Balkans.
