ABSTRACT
Several early green criminology (GC) studies addressed environmental justice (EJ) by examining environmental racism and proximity to environmental hazards. This chapter reviews the definition of green crime, its connection to EJ, and several primary areas of GC research. In each area, it draws attention to how that research addresses traditional and expanded notions of EJ. Green criminologists often define green justice/injustice using philosophical positions on 'animal rights', 'ecological rights' and 'ecosystem rights'. The chapter prefers political economic explanations of green crime/justice and the use of treadmill of production (ToP) theory and ecological Marxism. Ecological withdrawals involve the extraction of raw materials from nature for manufacturing commodities or supplying energy. ToP theory also draws attention to ecological additions or pollutants that result from production. Power differentials and injustice represent a key theme across areas that green criminologists explore.
