ABSTRACT
This chapter reflects on the emergence and application of "just conservation" in relation to protected areas. It focuses on the changing emphasis from setting aside protected areas solely to conserve biological diversity to including multiple objectives and ensuring that protected areas also provide opportunities for people to be involved in their establishment and management. The chapter explains selected international initiatives that have begun to include equity considerations within a conservation agenda. It provides a framework for assessing procedural equity. It then examines the evolution of the world network of biosphere reserves (BRs), created under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme of the United Nations Educational, Cultural, and Scientific Organization (UNESCO) and consider its application in Canada. As a country with 18 BRs established between 1978 and 2016, Canada's BRs demonstrate evolution in practice including the challenges of meeting procedural justice considerations.
