ABSTRACT
Introduction The religious landscape of European cities has been strongly impacted by migration to Europe (Oosterbaan 2014). Material manifestations of Islam in the urban landscape-be it an increase in the number of youth wearing headscarves or purpose-built mosques constructed both in urbanesque and central urban locations-have created fierce public debates and opposition. How religious presences are regarded will have different implications for the meaning of religiousperformancesandpracticesforparticipantsinthesespaces.Orsi(1999,46) stresses that “[W]hat people do religiously in cities is shaped by what kind of citiestheyfindthemselvesin,atwhatmomentinthehistoriesofthosecities,and by their own experiences, cultural traditions, and contemporary circumstances.”