ABSTRACT
The modern sciences, including social sciences, have become major knowledge-producing social institutions in societies nowadays. In addition, it is generally and widely recognized that scientific and intellectual knowledge has become highly regarded in most openly democratic and progressive societies where people are more consciously exposed with new learning in their social life, more educated and informed about new findings and discoveries in the natural and social environments. As such, knowledge creation has been an object of considerable discussion by philosophers, historians, and more recently, social scientists who have sought to understand the foundations of institutionalized knowledge in the society; their distinctive nature, societal conditions of foundational settings and movement, institutional structures, patterns of development and conditions of progress (Whitley 1984).
