Kampō in wartime Sino-Japanese relations

Kampō or Kampō igaku (Kampō medicine) is the popular term that refers to traditional Japanese medicine, including the prescription of crude drugs, acupuncture, moxibustion, and traditional regimens and eubiotics. It is a neologism which the Japanese used to distinguish their indigenous medicine from Ranpō (Dutch medicine) in the late Tokugawa period (1603–1868). However, the usage of the term is also not unanimous among the Japanese. The term is used to refer exclusively to traditional Japanese medicine but also to refer to Chinese medical traditions. ¹ The Kampō professionals who appear in this chapter were the latter. ² Kampo sometimes includes traditional Korean medicine and is synonymous with or as a constituent of Tōyō igaku (Eastern or Oriental medicine) or Tōa igaku (East Asian medicine). ³ Before the end of World War II, inspired by nationalistic sentiment, the alternative term Kō–Kan igaku (Imperial Japanese–Chinese medicine) sometimes replaced Kampō to emphasize Japanese uniqueness or originality. ⁴