In 1942, the tide of war began to turn in favor of the Allies. While Hitler resumed air attacks on Britain, Allied planes responded with bombing raids on Germany. Allied forces defeated German and Italian troops in North Africa, and the United States defeated Japan in the Battle of Midway, gaining the advantage in the Pacific arena. The French Resistance, made up of soldiers and citizens in occupied France, increased their efforts to end German rule. Also in 1942, reports began to reach the Allies of Nazi-run concentration camps designed for the wholesale murder of Jews and other cultural minorities in German territories. Accounts of the atrocities increased Allied resolve to end the war.