ABSTRACT
Miranda’s efforts did inspire revolts led by groups of creoles called juntas in presentday Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Colombia. In 1810, creoles in Venezuela declared independence from Spain, sparking a war between revolutionaries and loyalists that briefly ended in 1812 when Caracas, held by the revolutionaries, was largely destroyed in an earthquake. Miranda, who had returned to Venezuela to lead the revolutionary movement, was turned over to Spain by the revolutionaries for signing an armistice with Spanish forces.
