ABSTRACT
European settlement of the Americas had catastrophic consequences for Native Americans. Millions died from disease, war, and enslavement, and surviving peoples often suffered a permanent loss of their traditional ways of life. Today, the majority of these surviving societies, which have adapted to and largely become integrated with nonnative societies, face some of the worst economic and social conditions in the Americas. In the latter half of the twentieth century, they also experienced a revival of traditional practices and identity.
